When in 21 Lessons for the 21st Century the Oxford-educated historian and best-selling author Yuval Noah Harari asks, ‘How can we prepare ourselves and our children for a world of such unprecedented transformations and radical uncertainties?’, he is effectively highlighting a concern about curriculum (Harari, 2018, p. 259). There are two schools of thought on how to respond to Harari’s question. One champions maintaining a traditional hierarchy of ‘core’ skills and knowledge. Government minister Nick Gibb explicitly draws upon the theories of learning and cultural transmission set out by ED Hirsch to support the claim that knowing facts is important (Gibb, 2015), and Tim Leunig is of a similar opinion. The other line of argument is upheld by academics such as Gunther Kress, who suggests that we need to ‘flip the curriculum’ and reassess what we teach and how we are teaching it. The reason for this, Kress stresses, is that ‘“Reproduction” is no longer a plausible met
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